Isigaba sokuqala semboni yama-valve (1949-1959)
01 Hlela ukusiza ekubuyiselweni komnotho wezwe
Isikhathi kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1952 kwakuyisikhathi sokululama komnotho wezwe lami. Ngenxa yezidingo zokwakhiwa komnotho, izwe lidinga ngokuphuthumayo inani elikhuluamavalvu, hhayi nje kuphelaama-valve okucindezela okuphansi, kodwa futhi neqoqo lamavalvu anomfutho ophezulu nophakathi ayengakhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi. Indlela yokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziphuthumayo zezwe kuwumsebenzi onzima nonzima.
1. Umhlahlandlela kanye nokusekela ukukhiqizwa
Ngokuhambisana nenqubomgomo "yokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, ukuchuma komnotho, ukunaka kokubili umphakathi kanye nowangasese, kanye nokuzuzisa kokubili abasebenzi kanye nemali", uhulumeni wabantu usebenzisa indlela yokucubungula noku-oda, futhi usekela ngamandla amabhizinisi azimele aphakathi naphakathi namancane ukuthi avule kabusha futhi akhiqize ama-valve. Ngobusuku obandulela ukusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Factory ekugcineni yavala ibhizinisi layo ngenxa yezikweletu zayo ezinkulu kanye nokungabikho kwemakethe yemikhiqizo yayo, yashiya abasebenzi abangu-7 kuphela ukuqapha ifektri, futhi yathengisa amathuluzi omshini angu-14 ukuze ilondoloze izindleko. Ngemva kokusungulwa kweNew China, ngokusekelwa uhulumeni wabantu, ifektri yaqala kabusha ukukhiqiza, futhi inani labasebenzi ngalowo nyaka landa lisuka ku-7 laya ku-96 lapho liqala. Ngemva kwalokho, ifektri yamukela ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezivela eShenyang Hardware Machinery Company, futhi umkhiqizo wathatha ukubukeka okusha. Inani labasebenzi landa laya ku-329, ngomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wamasethi angu-610 ama-valve ahlukahlukene, ngenani lomkhiqizo elingu-830,000 yuan. Phakathi nesikhathi esifanayo eShanghai, akuwona amabhizinisi azimele kuphela ayekhiqize ama-valve aphinde avulwa, kodwa nangokululama komnotho wezwe, inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi amancane azimele lavula noma lashintshela ekukhiqizeni ama-valve, okwenza inhlangano ye-Construction Hardware Association ngaleso sikhathi yanda ngokushesha.
2. Ukuthenga nokuthengisa okuhlangene, ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwe-valve
Njengoba inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi azimele liphenduka ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve, i-Shanghai Construction Hardware Association yokuqala ayikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zentuthuko. Ngo-1951, abakhiqizi bama-valve baseShanghai basungula ama-joint ventures ayi-6 ukuze benze imisebenzi yokucubungula noku-oda ye-Shanghai Purchasing Supply Station of China Hardware Machinery Company, futhi basebenzise ukuthenga nokuthengisa okuhlangene. Isibonelo, i-Daxin Iron Works, ethatha umsebenzi wama-valve amakhulu anomfutho ophansi, kanye ne-Yuanda, i-Zhongxin, i-Jinlong kanye ne-Lianggong Machinery Factory, ethatha umsebenzi wokukhiqizwa kwama-valve anomfutho ophakeme nophakathi, wonke asekelwa yi-Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, uMnyango Wezimboni wase-East China kanye ne-Central Fuel. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa yi-Petroleum Administration of the Ministry of Industry, ama-oda aqondile ayasetshenziswa, bese ephendukela kuma-oda okucubungula. Uhulumeni Wabantu usize amabhizinisi azimele ukuba anqobe ubunzima ekukhiqizeni nasekuthengiseni ngenqubomgomo yokuthenga nokuthengisa ehlanganisiwe, ekuqaleni washintsha isiphithiphithi sezomnotho samabhizinisi azimele, futhi wathuthukisa intshiseko yokukhiqiza yabanikazi bamabhizinisi nabasebenzi, abasemuva kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, imishini kanye nezimo zefektri. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, uhlinzeke ngenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yama-valve yamabhizinisi abalulekile njengezitshalo zikagesi, izitshalo zensimbi kanye nezinsimu zikawoyela ukuze aqale kabusha ukukhiqiza.
3. Intuthuko yokubuyiselwa kwezinsizakalo zokwakha umnotho kazwelonke
Ohlelweni lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu, umbuso uhlonze amaphrojekthi okwakha angu-156 abalulekile, lapho ukuvuselelwa kweYumen Oil Field kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-Anshan Iron and Steel Company kuyimisebenzi emibili emikhulu. Ukuze kuqalwe kabusha ukukhiqizwa eYumen Oilfield ngokushesha okukhulu, i-Petroleum Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Fuel Industry ihlele ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye zemishini kaphethiloli eShanghai. I-Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory kanye nabanye bathathe umsebenzi wokuhlola ukukhiqiza inqwaba yamavalvu ensimbi anomfutho ophakathi. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukukhiqiza amavalvu anengcindezi ophakathi ngamafektri amancane anjenge-workshop. Ezinye izinhlobo zingalingiswa kuphela ngokwezibonelo ezinikezwe abasebenzisi, futhi izinto zangempela ziyahlolwa futhi zifakwe imephu. Njengoba ikhwalithi yezinsimbi zensimbi yayinganele, umzimba wamavalvu ensimbi ohlanganisiwe wokuqala kwadingeka ushintshwe ube yizinto zokubumba. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungekho die yokubhoboza yokucubungula imbobo eqondile yomzimba wamavalvu omhlaba, ngakho-ke wawungabhobozwa ngesandla kuphela, bese ulungiswa ngumuntu ofaka izinto. Ngemva kokunqoba ubunzima obuningi, ekugcineni saphumelela ekukhiqizeni izivivinyo zama-valve esango lensimbi ye-NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 kanye nama-valve e-globe, amukelwa kahle ngabasebenzisi. Engxenyeni yesibili ka-1952, iShanghai Yuanta, iZhongxin, iWeiye, iLianggong kanye nezinye izimboni zaqala umsebenzi wokukhiqiza izivivinyo kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwama-valve ensimbi ehlanganisiwe yephethiloli. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwasetshenziswa imiklamo nezindinganiso zaseSoviet, futhi ochwepheshe bafunda ngokwenza, futhi banqoba ubunzima obuningi ekukhiqizeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwezivivinyo zama-valve ensimbi ehlanganisiwe yaseShanghai kwahlelwa yi-Ministry of Petroleum, futhi kwathola nokubambisana kwezimboni ezahlukene eShanghai. I-Asia Factory (manje eyiShanghai Machine Repair Factory) yanikeza ama-castings ensimbi ahlangabezana nezidingo, kanti iSifang Boiler Factory yasiza ekuqhumiseni. Ukuhlolwa kwagcina kuphumelele ekukhiqizeni izivivinyo zama-valve ensimbi ehlanganisiwe, futhi ngokushesha kwahlela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi futhi kwathunyelwa eYumen Oilfield ukuze kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Works kanye neShanghai Daxin Iron Works nazo zanikezaamavalvu anomfutho ophansingosayizi omkhulu wezitshalo zikagesi, i-Anshan Iron and Steel Company izoqala kabusha ukukhiqiza kanye nokwakhiwa kwedolobha.
Ngesikhathi sokululama komnotho wezwe, imboni yamavalvu yezwe lami ithuthuke ngokushesha. Ngo-1949, umkhiqizo wamavalvu wawungama-387t kuphela, okwakhuphuka kwaba ngu-1015t ngo-1952. Ngobuchwepheshe, ikwazile ukukhiqiza amavalvu ensimbi ecijile kanye namavalvu amakhulu anomfutho ophansi, angagcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngamavalvu afanayo ukuze kululame umnotho wezwe, kodwa futhi abeke isisekelo esihle sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yemboni yamavalvu yaseShayina.
02 Imboni yama-valve yaqala
Ngo-1953, izwe lami laqala uhlelo lwalo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu, kanti imikhakha yezimboni efana ne-petroleum, imboni yamakhemikhali, i-metallurgy, ugesi kanye namalahle konke kwasheshisa ijubane lentuthuko. Ngalesi sikhathi, isidingo sama-valve siyanda. Ngaleso sikhathi, yize kwakukhona inani elikhulu lamafektri amancane azimele akhiqiza ama-valve, amandla awo obuchwepheshe ayebuthakathaka, imishini yawo yayiphelelwe yisikhathi, amafektri awo ayelula, izikali zawo zazincane kakhulu, futhi ayehlakazekile kakhulu. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zentuthuko esheshayo yomnotho wezwe, uMnyango Wokuqala Wemboni Yemishini (obizwa ngokuthi uMnyango Wokuqala Wemishini) uyaqhubeka nokuhlela kabusha nokuguqula amabhizinisi angasese okuqala nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezinhlelo nezinyathelo zokwakha umgogodla nama-valve ayisihluthulelo. Ibhizinisi, imboni yama-valve yezwe lami yaqala ukuqala.
1. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemboni yama-valve yesibili eShanghai
Ngemva kokusungulwa kweNew China, iQembu lasebenzisa inqubomgomo "yokusetshenziswa, ukukhawulelwa kanye nokuguqulwa" kwemboni kanye nezentengiselwano zobungxowankulu.
Kwavela ukuthi kwakunezimboni ezincane zamavalvu ezingama-60 noma ezingama-70 eShanghai. Enkulu kunazo zonke kulezi zimboni yayinabantu abangu-20 kuya kwabangu-30 kuphela, kanti encane yayinabantu abambalwa kuphela. Nakuba lezi zimboni zamavalvu zikhiqiza amavalvu, ubuchwepheshe bazo kanye nokuphathwa kwazo kusemuva kakhulu, imishini kanye nezakhiwo zefektri zilula, kanti izindlela zokukhiqiza zilula. Ezinye zine-lathe eyodwa noma ezimbili ezilula noma amathuluzi omshini webhande, futhi kunezitofu ezithile zokubumba, eziningi zazo ezisetshenziswa ngesandla. , ngaphandle kwamandla okuklama kanye nemishini yokuhlola. Lesi simo asifanele ukukhiqizwa kwesimanje, futhi asikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza ezihleliwe zombuso, futhi akunakwenzeka ukulawula ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yamavalvu. Ngenxa yalokhu, uHulumeni Wabantu baseShanghai Municipal Municipal usungule i-joint venture nabakhiqizi bamavalvu eShanghai, futhi wasungula iShanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 kanye nezinye izinkampani eziyinhloko. Ukuhlanganisa lokhu okungenhla, ukuphathwa okuhlanganisiwe ngokwezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhwalithi, okuhlanganisa ngempumelelo ukuphathwa okuhlakazekile nokungahlelekile, ngaleyo ndlela kugqugquzele kakhulu intshiseko yeningi labasebenzi ukwakha ubuKhomanisi, lokhu kungukuhlelwa kabusha kokuqala okukhulu kwemboni yama-valve.
Ngemva kobambiswano lukahulumeni nolwangasese ngo-1956, imboni yama-valve eShanghai yabhekana nokulungiswa kwesibili kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezimboni ngezinga elikhulu, kwasungulwa izinkampani zobungcweti ezifana neShanghai Construction Hardware Company, iPetroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company kanye neGeneral Machinery Company. Inkampani yama-valve eyayixhumene nemboni yehadiwe yokwakha isungule iYuanda, iRongfa, iZhongxin, iWeiye, iJinlong, iZhao Yongda, iTongxin, iFuchang, iWang Yingqi, iYunchang, iDehe, iJinfa, kanye neXie ngezifunda. Kunezimboni eziphakathi ezingaba ngu-20 eDalian, Yuchang, eDeda, njll. Imboni ngayinye ephakathi inezimboni eziningana zesathelayithi ngaphansi komthetho wayo. Igatsha leqembu kanye nenyunyana yabasebenzi ehlangene yasungulwa esitshalweni esiphakathi. Uhulumeni wabela abameleli bomphakathi ukuthi baphathe umsebenzi wokuphatha, futhi ngokufanayo wasungula izinhlangano zokukhiqiza, ukuphakelwa, kanye nezezimali, futhi kancane kancane wasebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha ezifana namabhizinisi kahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo yaseShenyang yahlanganisa nezimboni ezincane ezingu-21 eChengfa.I-Valve yeSangoIfektri. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umbuso ulethe ukukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi ohlelweni lokuhlela lukazwelonke ngokusebenzisa izinhlaka zokuphatha kuzo zonke izigaba, futhi uhlele futhi wahlela ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve. Lolu ushintsho ekuphathweni kokukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi ama-valve kusukela ekusungulweni kweNew China.
2. I-Shenyang General Machinery Factory ishintshele ekukhiqizweni kwama-valve
Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuhlelwa kabusha kwabakhiqizi bama-valve eShanghai, uMnyango Wemishini Yokuqala wahlukanisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yefektri ngayinye exhumene ngqo, futhi wacacisa isiqondiso sokukhiqiza sobungcweti sezimboni ezixhumene ngqo kanye nezimboni ezinkulu zasendaweni eziphethwe nguhulumeni. I-Shenyang General Machinery Factory yaguqulwa yaba yinkampani yokukhiqiza ama-valve yobungcweti. Owandulela ifektri kwakuyihhovisi lebhizinisi elikhulu le-bureaucratic kanye nefektri ye-pseudo-industry yase-Japan i-Dechang. Ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-New China, ifektri yayikhiqiza kakhulu amathuluzi omshini ahlukahlukene kanye nama-pipe joints. Ngo-1953, yaqala ukukhiqiza imishini yokusebenza ngokhuni. Ngo-1954, lapho yayingaphansi kokuphathwa yi-First Bureau of the Machinery Ministry, yayinabasebenzi abangu-1,585 kanye namasethi angu-147 emishini nemishini ehlukahlukene. Futhi inamandla okukhiqiza ensimbi ephothiwe, futhi amandla obuchwepheshe aqinile. Kusukela ngo-1955, ukuze ivumelane nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lukazwelonke, ishintshele ngokusobala ekukhiqizeni ama-valve, yakha kabusha izindawo zokuqala zokusebenza ngensimbi, ukuhlanganisa, amathuluzi, ukulungisa imishini kanye nokwakha insimbi, yakha indawo entsha yokusebenzela yokubopha nokushisela, futhi yasungula ilabhorethri ephakathi kanye nesiteshi sokuqinisekisa i-metrological. Abanye ochwepheshe bathuthwa besuka eShenyang Pump Factory. Ngo-1956, ama-837t e-ama-valve okucindezela okuphansikwakhiqizwa, kwaqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwamavalvu anomfutho ophezulu nophakathi. Ngo-1959, kwakhiqizwa amavalvu angu-4213t, okuhlanganisa namavalvu angu-1291t anomfutho ophezulu nophakathi. Ngo-1962, yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iShenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory futhi yaba enye yamabhizinisi amakhulu embonini yamavalvu.
3. Umvuthwandaba wokuqala wokukhiqizwa kwama-valve
Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokusungulwa kweNew China, ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu ezweni lami kwakuxazululwa kakhulu ngokubambisana kanye nezimpi. Esikhathini se-“Great Leap Forward”, imboni yamavalvu ezweni lami yathola umvuthwandaba wayo wokuqala wokukhiqiza. Umkhiqizo wamavalvu: 387t ngo-1949, 8126t ngo-1956, 49746t ngo-1959, izikhathi ezingu-128.5 kunango-1949, kanye nezikhathi ezingu-6.1 kunango-1956 lapho kwakhiwa ubudlelwano bomphakathi nobangasese. Ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu anamandla aphezulu naphakathi kwaqala sekwephuzile, futhi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwaqala ngo-1956, ngomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke ongu-175t. Ngo-1959, umkhiqizo wafinyelela ku-1799t, okwakuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10.3 kunango-1956. Intuthuko esheshayo yokwakha umnotho kazwelonke ikhuthaze intuthuko enkulu embonini yamavalvu. Ngo-1955, iShanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yazama ngempumelelo ukukhiqiza ivalvu yesihlahla sikaKhisimusi yeYumen Oilfield; I-Shanghai Yuanda, i-Zhongxin, i-Weiye, i-Rongfa kanye nezinye izimboni zemishini ezizame ukukhiqiza insimbi ecijile, ama-valve ensimbi aphakathi nendawo kanye nomfutho ophezulu kanye nomfutho ojwayelekile wamasimu kawoyela kanye nezitshalo zomanyolo Ama-valve omanyolo aphakeme e-PN160 kanye ne-PN320; I-Shenyang General Machinery Factory kanye ne-Suzhou Iron Factory (eyandulela i-Suzhou Valve Factory) bazama ngempumelelo ukukhiqiza ama-valve omfutho ophezulu wefektri yomanyolo ye-Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation; I-Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yazama ngempumelelo ukukhiqiza i-valve yesango likagesi enosayizi ojwayelekile we-DN3000. Kwakuyi-valve enkulu futhi esindayo kakhulu eShayina ngaleso sikhathi; I-Shenyang General Machinery Factory yazama ngempumelelo ukukhiqiza ama-valve omfutho ophezulu kakhulu anosayizi ojwayelekile we-DN3 ~ DN10 kanye nomfutho ojwayelekile we-PN1500 ~ PN2000 wedivayisi yokuhlola ephakathi ye-polyethylene enomfutho ophezulu; I-Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory yakhiqizela imboni yensimbi I-valve yomoya oshisayo oshisayo osezingeni eliphezulu enosayizi ojwayelekile we-DN600 kanye ne-valve yomoya ogelezayo we-DN900; I-Dalian Valve Factory, i-Wafangdian Valve Factory, njll. nayo ifinyelele intuthuko esheshayo. Ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nenani lama-valve kukhuthaze intuthuko yemboni yama-valve. Ikakhulukazi ngezidingo zokwakha zemboni ethi "Great Leap Forward", izimboni zama-valve ezincane neziphakathi ziye zavela ezweni lonke. Ngo-1958, amabhizinisi kazwelonke okukhiqiza ama-valve ayenawo. Cishe ayikhulu, akha ithimba elikhulu lokukhiqiza ama-valve. Ngo-1958, inani eliphelele lama-valve lenyuka laya ku-24,163t, ukwanda ngo-80% ngaphezu kuka-1957; Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve ezweni lami kwaba nomvuthwandaba wokuqala. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwabakhiqizi bama-valve, kwaletha nochungechunge lwezinkinga. Isibonelo: ukuphishekela kuphela inani, hhayi ikhwalithi; "ukwenza okuncane nokwenza izindlela ezinkulu, zasendaweni", ukuntuleka kwezimo zobuchwepheshe; ukuklama ngenkathi kwenziwa, ukuntuleka kwemibono ejwayelekile; ukukopisha nokukopisha, okubangela ukudideka kobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zabo ezihlukene, ngayinye inesethi yezitayela ezahlukene. Amagama ama-valve awafani ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi uchungechunge lokucindezela okujwayelekile kanye nosayizi ojwayelekile akuhambisani. Amanye amafektri abhekisela ezindinganisweni zaseSoviet, amanye abhekisela ezindinganisweni zaseJapane, kanti amanye abhekisela ezindinganisweni zaseMelika nezaseBrithani. Ukudideka okukhulu. Ngokuphathelene nezinhlobo, imininingwane, ubukhulu bokuxhumana, ubude besakhiwo, izimo zokuhlola, amazinga okuhlola, izimpawu zopende, ezibonakalayo nezamakhemikhali, kanye nokulinganisa, njll. Izinkampani eziningi zamukela indlela yokufanisa eyodwa "yokufanisa inani lezihlalo", ikhwalithi ayiqinisekisiwe, umkhiqizo awukhuphuki, futhi izinzuzo zomnotho azithuthukiswanga. Isimo ngaleso sikhathi "sasisakazeke, sididekile, simbalwa, futhi siphansi", okungukuthi, amafektri ama-valve asakazeke yonke indawo, uhlelo lokuphatha oludidekile, ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ezihlanganisiwe kanye nemininingwane, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephansi. Ukuze kuguqulwe lesi simo, umbuso wanquma ukuhlela abasebenzi abafanele ukuthi benze ucwaningo lokukhiqiza lukazwelonke mayelanaivalvuimboni.
4. Ucwaningo lokuqala lokukhiqizwa kwama-valve kazwelonke
Ukuze kutholakale isimo sokukhiqizwa kwama-valve, ngo-1958, i-First and Third Bureaus yoMnyango Wemishini Yokuqala yahlela inhlolovo kazwelonke yokukhiqizwa kwama-valve. Ithimba lophenyo laya ezifundeni ezi-4 nasemadolobheni angama-24 eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeShayina, eNyakatho yeShayina, eMpumalanga yeShayina kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeShayina ukuze lenze uphenyo oluphelele ezimbonini zama-valve ezingama-90. Lolu ucwaningo lokuqala lwama-valve ezweni lonke selokhu kwasungulwa iRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina. Ngaleso sikhathi, inhlolovo yagxila kubakhiqizi bama-valve abanezinga elikhulu nezinhlobo eziningi kanye nemininingwane, njengeShenyang General Machinery Factory, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, iSuzhou Iron Factory, kanye neDalian Valve. Ifektri, iBeijing Hardware Material Factory (eyandulela iBeijing Valve Factory), iWafangdian Valve Factory, iChongqing Valve Factory, abakhiqizi abaningana bama-valve eShanghai naseShanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kanye nezimboni eziyi-6, njll.
Ngophenyo, izinkinga eziyinhloko ezikhona ekukhiqizweni kwama-valve zitholakale ngokuyisisekelo:
1) Ukuntuleka kokuhlela okuphelele kanye nokwahlukaniswa okunengqondo kwabasebenzi, okuholela ekukhiqizeni okuphindaphindiwe futhi kuthinte amandla okukhiqiza.
2) Izindinganiso zomkhiqizo we-valve azihlanganisiwe, okubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekukhetheni nasekunakekeleni komsebenzisi.
3) Isisekelo somsebenzi wokulinganisa nokuhlola sibi kakhulu, futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yama-valve kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
Ukuphendula lezi zinkinga ezingenhla, ithimba lophenyo labeka izinyathelo ezintathu kuNgqongqoshe kanye namahhovisi, okuhlanganisa ukuqinisa ukuhlela okuphelele, ukwahlukaniswa okunengqondo kwabasebenzi, kanye nokuhlela ibhalansi yokukhiqiza nokuthengisa; ukuqinisa ukulinganisa kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlola ngokomzimba namakhemikhali, ukwakha amazinga e-valve ahlanganisiwe; kanye nokwenza ucwaningo lokuhlola. 1. Abaholi be-3rd Bureau banikeze ukubaluleka okukhulu kulokhu. Okokuqala, bagxile emsebenzini wokulinganisa. Baphathise i-Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute yoMnyango Wokuqala Wemishini ukuthi ihlele abakhiqizi bama-valve abafanele ukwakha amazinga ezinsiza zepayipi ezikhishwe nguNgqongqoshe, ezasetshenziswa embonini ngo-1961. Ukuze kuqondiswe ukwakheka kwama-valve efektri ngayinye, lesi sikhungo sihlanganise futhi sanyathelisa "i-Valve Design Manual". Izinga lezinsiza zepayipi ezikhishwe nguNgqongqoshe liyiqoqo lokuqala lezindinganiso zama-valve ezweni lakithi, kanti "i-Valve Design Manual" iyidatha yokuqala yobuchwepheshe yokuklama ama-valve eqoqwe yithi, edlale indima enhle ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokuklama lemikhiqizo yama-valve ezweni lakithi. Ngale nhlolovo kazwelonke, ingqikithi yentuthuko yemboni yamavalvu yezwe lami eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule itholakele, futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo zokuqeda ngokuphelele ukulingiswa okungaqondakali kokukhiqizwa kwamavalvu kanye nokuntuleka kwezindinganiso. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buthathe isinyathelo esikhulu phambili futhi baqala ukungena esigabeni esisha sokuziklama nokuhlela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
03 Isifinyezo
Kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1959, izwe lamiivalvuImboni yalulama ngokushesha enkingeni yaseShayina yakudala yaqala; kusukela ekulungiseni, ekulingiseni kuya ekuzenzeleni yona.dukuklama nokukhiqiza, kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwama-valve aphansi omfutho kuya ekukhiqizweni kwama-valve aphakeme naphakathi, ekuqaleni kwakha imboni yokukhiqiza ama-valve. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo yesivinini sokukhiqiza, kukhona nezinkinga ezithile. Selokhu yafakwa ohlelweni lukazwelonke, ngaphansi kokuphathwa okuphakathi koMnyango Wokuqala Wemishini, imbangela yenkinga itholakale ngophenyo nocwaningo, futhi kuthathwe izixazululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo kanye nezinyathelo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve ukuhambisana nesivinini sokwakhiwa komnotho kazwelonke, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yama-valve. Futhi ukwakheka kwezinhlangano zemboni kubeke isisekelo esihle.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-27-2022
