Intuthuko eqhubekayo yomkhakha wama-valve (1967-1978)
01 Intuthuko yemboni iyathinteka
Kusukela ngo-1967 kuya ku-1978, ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu endaweni yezenhlalo, intuthuko yemboni yama-valve nayo ithinteke kakhulu. Izimpawu eziyinhloko yilezi:
1. Ivalvu umkhiqizo uncishisiwe kakhulu, futhi ikhwalithi incishisiwe kakhulu
2. Ivalvu uhlelo locwaningo lwesayensi oluqale ukwakheka luthintekile
3. Imikhiqizo yamavalvu okucindezela okuphakathi iba yesikhashana futhi
4. Ukukhiqizwa okungahleliwe kwamavalvu okucindezela okuphezulu nokuphakathi kwaqala ukuvela
02 Thatha izinyathelo zokwelula "umugqa omfushane wama-valve"
Ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo kuivalvuImboni yehle kakhulu, futhi ngemva kokwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo yamavalvu omfutho ophezulu nophakathi yesikhathi esifushane, umbuso ubheka lokhu njengobaluleke kakhulu. I-Heavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery yasungula iqembu lamavalvu elizobhekana nokuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bemboni yamavalvu. Ngemva kophenyo olujulile nocwaningo, ithimba lamavalvu labeka phambili "Umbiko Ngemibono Ngokuthuthuka Kwezinyathelo Zokukhiqiza Zamavalvu Omfutho Ophakeme Nophakathi", owathunyelwa kwiKhomishini Yokuhlela Kahulumeni. Ngemva kocwaningo, kwanqunywa ukutshala ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-52 embonini yamavalvu ukuze kwenziwe ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe ukuxazulula inkinga yokuntuleka okukhulu komfutho ophezulu nophakathi.amavalvu kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi ngokushesha okukhulu.
1. Imihlangano emibili yeKaifeng
NgoMeyi 1972, uMnyango Wemishini Wokuqala wabamba umhlangano kazwelonkeivalvuIsithangami somsebenzi wemboni eKaifeng City, eSifundazweni saseHenan. Ingqikithi yamayunithi angu-125 kanye nabameleli abangu-198 abavela ezimbonini zama-valve ezingu-88, izikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nokuklama ezingu-8 ezifanele, amahhovisi emishini yesifundazwe kanye nekamasipala angu-13 kanye nabanye abasebenzisi babekhona emhlanganweni. Umhlangano wanquma ukubuyisela izinhlangano ezimbili zemboni kanye nenethiwekhi yezobunhloli, futhi wakhetha iKaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory kanye neTieling Valve Factory njengabaholi beqembu elinomfutho ophezulu kanye nelinomfutho ophansi ngokulandelana, kanti iHefei General Machinery Research Institute kanye neShenyang Valve Research Institute babenesibopho somsebenzi wenethiwekhi yezobunhloli. Umhlangano uphinde waxoxa futhi wafunda ngezindaba ezihlobene "nokuthuthukiswa kathathu", ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe, ukuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo, kanye nokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yemboni kanye nezobunhloli. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi yemboni kanye nezobunhloli ebiphazamiseke iminyaka eyisithupha iqalile futhi. Lezi zinyathelo zidlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ukukhiqizwa kwama-valve nokuguqula isimo sesikhashana.
2. Imisebenzi yokuhlela imboni ye-CV kanye nokushintshana ngolwazi
Ngemva kweNgqungquthela yeKaifeng ngo-1972, amaqembu ezimboni aqala kabusha imisebenzi yawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amafektri angu-72 kuphela ahlanganyela enhlanganweni yezimboni, futhi amafektri amaningi ama-valve ayengakahlanganyeli enhlanganweni yezimboni. Ukuze kuhlelwe amafektri amaningi ama-valve ngangokunokwenzeka, isifunda ngasinye sihlela imisebenzi yezimboni ngokulandelana. I-Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, i-Beijing Valve Factory, i-Shanghai Valve Factory, i-Wuhan Valve Factory,Ifektri ye-Tianjin Valve, Imboni Yamavalvu Aphezulu Naphakathi Ne-Gansu, kanye ne-Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory ngokulandelana zibhekene nezifunda zaseNyakatho-mpumalanga, eNyakatho China, eMpumalanga China, eNingizimu Ephakathi, eNyakatho-ntshonalanga, kanye naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imboni yamavalvu kanye nemisebenzi yobuhlakani yayihlukahlukene futhi inezithelo, futhi yayithandwa kakhulu yizimboni embonini. Ngenxa yentuthuko yemisebenzi yemboni, ukushintshana njalo ngolwazi, ukusizana kanye nokufundana, akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ubunye kanye nobungane phakathi kwamafektri ahlukahlukene, ukuze imboni yamavalvu yakhe yonke into ehlangene, ngazwi linye, ngokubambisana. Kuqhubekela phambili, kukhombisa indawo ephilayo nekhulayo.
3. Yenza "izinguquko ezintathu" zemikhiqizo yama-valve
Ngokuvumelana nomoya wemihlangano emibili yeKaifeng kanye nemibono ye-Heavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery, i-General Machinery Research Institute iphinde yahlela umsebenzi omkhulu we-valve "wesimanje kathathu" ngokusekelwa okusebenzayo kwezimboni ezahlukahlukene embonini. Umsebenzi "wesimanje kathathu" ngumsebenzi obalulekile wobuchwepheshe oyisisekelo, okuyisilinganiso esisebenzayo sokusheshisa ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe kwamabhizinisi nokuthuthukisa izinga lemikhiqizo ye-valve. Iqembu elisebenzayo le-valve "lesimanje kathathu" lisebenza ngokwemigomo "emine emihle" (elula ukuyisebenzisa, elula ukuyakha, elula ukuyilungisa kanye nokufanisa okuhle) kanye "nokuhlanganiswa kane" (imodeli, amapharamitha okusebenza, ukuxhumana kanye nobukhulu obujwayelekile, izingxenye ezijwayelekile). Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komsebenzi kunezici ezintathu, esinye ukwenza lula izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe; esinye ukwakha nokubuyekeza iqoqo lezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe; esesithathu ukukhetha nokuqedela imikhiqizo.
4. Ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe lukhuthaze intuthuko yocwaningo lwesayensi
(1) Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqembu ocwaningo lwesayensi nokwakhiwa kwezisekelo zokuhlola Ekupheleni kuka-1969, i-General Machinery Research Institute yathuthelwa eHefei isuka eBeijing, futhi idivayisi yokuqala yokuhlola ukumelana nokugeleza yabhidlizwa, okwathinta kakhulu ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngo-1971, abacwaningi besayensi babuyela eqenjini ngokulandelana, futhi ilabhorethri yocwaningo lwe-valve yanda yaba ngabantu abangaphezu kuka-30, futhi yathunywa ngumnyango ukuhlela ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe. Kwakhiwa ilabhorethri elula, kwafakwa idivayisi yokuhlola ukumelana nokugeleza, kwaklanywa futhi kwakhiqizwa imishini ethile yokucindezela, ukupakisha kanye neminye yokuhlola, kwaqala ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe mayelana nobuso bokuvala i-valve kanye nokupakisha.
(2) Impumelelo Eyinhloko Ingqungquthela yeKaifeng eyabanjwa ngo-1973 yakha uhlelo locwaningo lobuchwepheshe lwemboni yama-valve kusukela ngo-1973 kuya ku-1975, futhi yaphakamisa amaphrojekthi ocwaningo ayisihluthulelo angu-39. Phakathi kwawo, kunezinto ezingu-8 zokucubungula ukushisa, izinto ezingu-16 zokuvala ubuso, izinto ezingu-6 zokupakisha, into eyodwa yedivayisi kagesi, kanye nezinto ezingu-6 zokuhlola nokusebenza. Kamuva, eHarbin Welding Research Institute, eWuhan Material Protection Research Institute, kanye naseHefei General Machinery Research Institute, kwaqokwa abasebenzi abakhethekile ukuhlela nokuxhumanisa ukuhlolwa okuvamile, futhi kwabanjwa izingqungquthela ezimbili zomsebenzi ngezingxenye eziyisisekelo zama-valve anomfutho ophezulu nophakathi ukuze kufingqwe ulwazi, usizo kanye nokushintshana, futhi kwaklanywa uhlelo locwaningo lwezingxenye eziyisisekelo luka-1976 ngo-1980. Ngemizamo ehlangene yomkhakha wonke, kuye kwaba nempumelelo enkulu emsebenzini wocwaningo lobuchwepheshe, oye wakhuthaza intuthuko yocwaningo lwesayensi embonini yama-valve. Imiphumela yayo eyinhloko imi kanje:
1) Ukubopha phezu kobuso bokuvala. Ucwaningo lobuso bokuvala luhlose ukuxazulula inkinga yokuvuza kwangaphakathiivalvuNgaleso sikhathi, izinto zokuvala ubuso zaziyi-20Cr13 kanye ne-12Cr18Ni9, ezazinobunzima obuphansi, ukumelana nokuguguleka okubi, izinkinga ezinkulu zokuvuza kwangaphakathi emikhiqizweni yama-valve, kanye nokuphila isikhathi esifushane kwesevisi. I-Shenyang Valve Research Institute, i-Harbin Welding Research Institute kanye ne-Harbin Boiler Factory bakha ithimba locwaningo elihlanganisa kathathu. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili yokusebenza kanzima, kwasungulwa uhlobo olusha lwezinto zokuvala ubuso ezisebenzisa i-chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8). Izinto zisebenza kahle ngenqubo. Ukumelana okuhle kokuklwebheka, impilo yesevisi ende, futhi akukho nickel kanye ne-chromium encane, izinsiza zingasekelwa ekhaya, ngemuva kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe, ziwusizo kakhulu ekukhushulweni.
2) Ucwaningo lokugcwalisa. Inhloso yocwaningo lokupakisha ukuxazulula inkinga yokuvuza kwamavalvu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukupakisha amavalvu kwakuyi-asbestos efakwe uwoyela kanye ne-asbestos yerabha, kanti ukusebenza kokuvala kwakukubi, okwabangela ukuvuza okukhulu kwamavalvu. Ngo-1967, i-General Machinery Research Institute yahlela ithimba lokuphenya ukuvuza kwangaphandle ukuze lihlole ezinye izitshalo zamakhemikhali, izindawo zokuhlanza uwoyela kanye nezitshalo zamandla, bese lenza ucwaningo lokuhlola ukulwa nokugqwala ekupakisheni naseziqwini zamavalvu ngenkuthalo.
3) Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komkhiqizo kanye nocwaningo oluyisisekelo lwethiyori. Ngesikhathi senza ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe,imboni yama-valvefuthi ngenze ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komkhiqizo ngamandla kanye nocwaningo oluyisisekelo lwethiyori, futhi ngathola imiphumela eminingi.
5. Yenza ushintsho kwezobuchwepheshe kwamabhizinisi
Ngemva kweNgqungquthela kaKaifeng ngo-1973, yonke imboni yenza ushintsho kwezobuchwepheshe. Izinkinga ezinkulu ezazikhona embonini yama-valve ngaleso sikhathi: Okokuqala, inqubo yayihlehlisiwe, ukusatshalaliswa kwenziwa ngesandla ngokuphelele, ukusatshalaliswa kwengxenye eyodwa, kanti amathuluzi omshini ajwayelekile kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngokuvamile zazisetshenziselwa ukusebenza ngokubandayo. Kungenxa yokuthi izinhlobo kanye nezincazelo zefektri ngayinye ziphindaphindwa ngokweqile, futhi inani likhulu ezweni lonke, kodwa ngemva kokusatshalaliswa kwefektri ngayinye, iqembu lokukhiqiza lincane kakhulu, okuthinta ukusebenza kwamandla okukhiqiza. Ukuphendula ezinkingeni ezingenhla, i-Heavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery yabeka izinyathelo ezilandelayo: ukuhlela izimboni zama-valve ezikhona ezicindezelayo eziphakeme neziphakathi nendawo, ukwenza ukuhlela okuhlangene, ukuhlukanisa abasebenzi ngokunengqondo, nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa okukhulu; ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, ukusungula imigqa yokukhiqiza, nokubambisana ezimbonini ezibalulekile nasezindaweni ezingenalutho. Imigqa yokukhiqiza engenalutho yensimbi ehlanganisiwe engu-4 isungulwe endaweni yokusebenzela yokusatshalaliswa kwensimbi, futhi imigqa yokukhiqiza ebandayo engu-10 yezingxenye isungulwe ezimbonini eziyisithupha ezibalulekile; inani lama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-52 litshalwe ekuguqulweni kwezobuchwepheshe.
(1) Ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ukushisa Ekuguqulweni kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ukushisa, ubuchwepheshe obufana nesikhunta segobolondo lamanzi, isihlabathi esincibilikisiwe, isikhunta se-tidal kanye nokucubungula ngokunemba kuye kwathandwa. Ukucubungula ngokunemba kungafeza imishini engenama-chip noma engenama-chip. Ifanele isango, i-packing gland kanye nomzimba we-valve kanye ne-bonnet yama-valve anobubanzi obuncane, ngezinzuzo ezisobala zomnotho. Ngo-1969, iShanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yaqala ukusebenzisa inqubo yokucubungula ngokunemba ekukhiqizeni ama-valve, ye-PN16, umzimba we-valve yesango le-DN50,
(2) Ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bokusebenza okubandayo Ekuguqulweni kobuchwepheshe bokusebenza okubandayo, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi omshini akhethekile kanye nemigqa yokukhiqiza embonini yamavalvu. Kusukela ngo-1964, iShanghai Valve No. 7 Factory yaklama futhi yakhiqiza umugqa wokukhiqiza we-semi-automatic type gate valve body crawler, okuwumugqa wokuqala wokukhiqiza we-semi-automatic valve ophansi embonini yamavalvu. Ngemva kwalokho, iShanghai Valve No. 5 Factory yaklama futhi yakhiqiza umugqa wokukhiqiza we-semi-automatic we-DN50 ~ DN100 low-pressure globe valve body kanye ne-bonnet ngo-1966.
6. Thuthukisa ngentshiseko izinhlobo ezintsha futhi uthuthukise izinga lamasethi aphelele
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemishini emikhulu efana ne-petroleum, imboni yamakhemikhali, amandla kagesi, imboni yensimbi kanye ne-petrochemical, imboni yama-valve ithuthukisa ngamandla imikhiqizo emisha ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe, okuthuthukise izinga lokufanisa imikhiqizo yama-valve.
03 Isifinyezo
Uma ngibheka emuva ku-1967-1978, intuthuko ye-ivalvu Imboni yake yathinteka kakhulu. Ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo yezimboni zikaphethiloli, amakhemikhali, amandla kagesi, insimbi kanye namalahle, ama-valve anomfutho ophezulu kanye nophakathi asephenduke “imikhiqizo yesikhashana”. Ngo-1972, inhlangano yemboni yama-valve yaqala ukuqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi. Ngemva kwezingqungquthela ezimbili zaseKaifeng, yenza ngamandla “izinguquko ezintathu” kanye nomsebenzi wocwaningo lobuchwepheshe, yaqala igagasi lokuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe kuyo yonke imboni. Ngo-1975, imboni yama-valve yaqala ukulungisa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwemboni kwashintsha kwaba ngcono.
Ngo-1973, iKhomishini Yokuhlela Kahulumeni yavuma izinyathelo zengqalasizinda zokwandisa ukukhiqizwa komfutho ophezulu nophakathi.amavalvuNgemva kokutshalwa kwezimali, imboni yama-valve yenze izinguquko ezingaba khona. Ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhushulwa, kuye kwamukelwa ubuchwepheshe obuthile obuthuthukisiwe, ukuze izinga lokucubungula okubandayo kulo lonke imboni lithuthukiswe ngezinga elithile, kanye nezinga lokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokucubungula ukushisa lithuthukisiwe ngezinga elithile. Ngemva kokukhuthazwa kwenqubo yokushisela i-plasma spray, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wama-valve okucindezela okuphezulu nokuphakathi ithuthukisiwe kakhulu, futhi inkinga "yokuvuza okukodwa okufushane nokubili" nayo ithuthukisiwe. Ngokuqedwa nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi angu-32 okulinganisa ingqalasizinda, imboni yama-valve yaseShayina inesisekelo esiqinile kanye nekhono elikhulu lokukhiqiza. Kusukela ngo-1970, umkhiqizo wama-valve okucindezela okuphezulu nokuphakathi uqhubekile nokukhula. Kusukela ngo-1972 kuya ku-1975, umkhiqizo wanda kusuka ku-21,284t kuya ku-38,500t, kanye nokwanda okuphelele okungu-17,216t eminyakeni emi-4, okulingana nomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke ngo-1970. Umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wama-valve anomfutho ophansi ubelokhu uzinzile ezingeni lamathani angu-70,000 kuya ku-80,000. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi,ivalvu imboni ithuthukise imikhiqizo emisha ngamandla, akuzona nje izinhlobo zama-valve ezinjongo ezijwayelekile ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu, kodwa futhi nama-valve akhethekile eziteshi zikagesi, amapayipi, umfutho ophezulu kakhulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nemboni yenuzi, izindiza kanye namanye ama-valve ezinjongo ezikhethekile nawo athuthuke kakhulu. Uma iminyaka yawo-1960 yayiyinkathi yokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwama-valve ezinjongo ezijwayelekile, khona-ke iminyaka yawo-1970 yayiyinkathi yokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwama-valve ezinjongo ezikhethekile. Amandla okusekela asekhayaamavalvu ithuthukiswe kakhulu, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zentuthuko zemikhakha ehlukahlukene yomnotho wezwe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-04-2022
